Invention, Diffusion and Linear Models of Innovation
نویسنده
چکیده
There exist two sequential or linear models of innovation in the literature. One is the " linear model of innovation " as such. The model comes from management and economics, and their concern with studying the origin of inventions. The other model, of which the linear model of innovation is one part or step, is that of innovation as a process of invention followed by diffusion. This " model " , or rather the theory on which it is based, comes from anthropology and was invented as a solution to a controversy on the role of invention and diffusion in explaining culture change. The sequence 'invention → diffusion' has remained influential in later studies of technological innovation from sociology to management and economics. This paper documents the origin of the sequence and its subsequent use in the study of technological innovation. 4 One is perpetually hearing sociologists saying that men do not invent customs, but fall into them. Grant that the ninety and nine do follow suit, and in addition grant that each one of us follow his leader all but the thousandth time. It is the one act in a hundred or a thousand that each originates, which constitutes the progress of the world (O. T. Mason, The Origins of Invention: A Study of Industry Among Primitive Peoples, 1895). In most cases a theory which is considered as new has been preceded by a long process of fragmentary attempts. Then comes a time when the ideas that are " in the air " are so to speak crystallized and find their full expression in the thinking of a superior man who impresses on them his personal mark (A.
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تاریخ انتشار 2013